The Ethics Of Abortion Essay Example For Students

The Ethics Of Abortion Essay Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!The Ethics Of AbortionAbortion is a very controversial subjectthat has been continually argued over for the past few years and probablymany years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized?First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must first defineabortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child whilethe child is still in the mothers womb. This can be done by almost anyonefrom the mother herself to back alley abortions and even to abortions byclinics set up especially for this purpose. There are two sides to thisabortion topic the PRO-LIFE which is those who are against abortion altogetherand the PRO- CHOICE or those who believe it is the womans right to chooseif she wants to have an abortion. These two groups offer different solutionsto problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically livewith it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solutio nis abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. Although abortionis morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape orincest who have no other alternative?There is no real answer to this controversy,there are two sides to it though which have been arguing for many yearsover the subject. The first is the pro-life group. This group does notbelieve in the abortion factor. To understand where the pro-life standswe must first understand its beliefs and reasons for its beliefs. Thenwe can discuss what their solution to the abortion topic is. We will write a custom essay on The Ethics Of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pro-life believes that rape and incestare very emotional topics. They often elicit throughout the populationfeelings of revulsion; people draw back from the issue of rape and incest. People dont know how to handle a person who is in that much pain. Thereis no quick fix. That is why it is difficult for even pro-life people tocome to grips with the argument over abortion in cases of rape and incest.Some of those who are pro-life will allowabortion in these cases because they dont know what else they can do forthe victim and except it as a rare case. But it is known that allowingabortion in these cases usually does not help the victim, instead it onlyworsens the problem because the victims needs are not being met. But what the facts suggest is that onlya minority of rape and incest victims actually choose abortion. This iswhere pro-life has its biggest problem. Pro-life states that Abortionis not usually chosen as the immediate solution for rape and incest victimsbut that is the prevailing belief of the general population. A woman hasbeen raped and made pregnant: Oh, shes got to have an abortion. No onehas studied the rape and incest victims needs; abortion is presumed tofill her needs.Various studies and research indicate thatrape and incest victims fall into a high-risk category of abortion. Butwhat happens after a victim has an abortion? Jackie Baker a victim states:I soon discovered that the aftermath of my abortion continued a long timeafter the memory of my rape had faded. I felt empty and horrible. Nobodytold me about the emptiness and pain I would feel deep within causing nightmaresand deep depressions. They all told me that after the abortion I couldcontinue with my life as if nothing ever happened. (Reardon 21- 22) Thisis the story we hear from a lot of aborted women. Today in our societyit is believed by most people that it is the womans fault just as muchas the mans fault, if not more. many people think women are responsiblefor contributing to the rape itself. Then the rape victims feel self-blameand guilt. And even then a rape or incest victims family members or closefriends may reinforce these negative feelings. Or they drop the problembecause they dont know how to talk about it. We even see the same thing in the abortionexperience. When a person becomes pregnant because of rape or incest thereis a permanent symbol of the rape, at least until it is aborted. Womenwho have had abortions fear being rejected by God and loved ones. It isa very traumatic experience which takes time. The fact is that you arereally telling your loved ones of a death in the family. Opinion polls have shown for years thatwomen are more against abortion than men are. The women led the oppositionof abortion. In 1983 a Los Angelos Times poll found that only 47% of women(compared with 51% of men) favored the general availability of abortion.(Pro Life Feminism: Pro-Woman, Pro-Life 6) So what is this telling us?The facts are very clear men prefer abortion over women by a large percent. And most women do not agree with abortion. So why does it still exist today?What pro-life feels is really happeningis that in our society today abortion is becoming the solution to carelessness. Abortion does nothing to help the victims rape, and that is the problemthey are trying to address in the first place. Instead abortion encouragesthe victim to vent their anger out on others. .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .postImageUrl , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:hover , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:visited , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:active { border:0!important; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:active , .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44944dcad43f36f173c0ef8f7b4d449c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa parks EssayPro-life also believes that child birthon the other hand can be a victory. For those victims who chose childbirthover abortion it can be a triumph. It can state that the victim is notgoing to let rape destroy her life. When the needs of pregnant victimsis closely examined it can be shown that abortion is not the answer andis in fact only worsening the problem. (Reardon 21-22)But the worst strain abortion has on thevictim is mental strain. Many victims become confused and overwhelmed byfeelings they thought they would never have, and dont know what to do. After having an abortion victims thought they had solved the problem butin fact they had really just started a whole new one. Many victims beganthinking there was something wrong with them and began to doubt themselvesin situations that they would normally be sure of themselves. Others plungeinto deep depressions which they dont come out of for weeks at end. Thisis one of the worst side effects of having an abortion and most women dontrealize it will happen to them because they are too busy trying to correctthe immediate problem.. Pro-life persons dont have any reasonto be ashamed to defend pro-life view in the case of rape and incest. Theyfeel the ones who should be ashamed are the pro-abortionists who have beenexploiting the problems of the victims. Pro-choice has a different view to thiswhole abortion controversy. Pro-choice believes that it is the personsright to have an abortion if they want to and that no one should interferewith that right. Pro-choice has many reasons for feeling this way. Firstlets talk about who has abortions and why they have abortions. There are1.6 million abortions in the United States every year, there is no realspecial class of people who have abortions. Why does pro-choice feel that abortionis all right? Well pro-choice believes that the answer is what the womanbelieves. The most common reason for abortions is when contraception fails. What is a person suppose to do when the birth control method fails? Thefact is that contraceptive failure led to 1.6 to 2 million of the 3.3 millionunwanted pregnancies in the United States in 1987. These pregnancies accountfor about half of the 1.5 million abortions performed every year. Besidesthese reasons for abortion women also give researchers other reasons forgetting an abortion. In 1987 a survey of 1,900 women at 30 abortionfacilities were asked, why do women have abortions? The women could giveas many reasons as they wanted, and most of the women responded with oneor more of these top six reasons:1. Concerned about how having a baby couldchange her life, 92 percent. 2. Not mature enough or too young to havea child, 81 percent. 3. Cant afford baby now, 73 percent. 4. Doesnt want others to know she hadsex or is pregnant, 42 percent. 5. Has relationship problems and doesntwant to be a single parent, 37 percent. 6. Unready for responsibility, 33 percent. There have been many studies done on smallergroups that expressed the exact same reasons for having an abortion. Olderwomen were more likely to say that their families were complete while youngerwomen said that a baby would interfere with education, career, and personalfreedom. At any age women say they have too many responsibilities and notenough money to take care of a baby. The reasons for which the public is approvingof abortions is not always the reason of the person who wants to have anabortion. Women do not have abortions because of rape, incest, deformedfetuses, or because their physical life is in danger. But these are thebest reasons accepted by the public. Being poor, too young, unmarried,and not wanting a baby are the most unpopular reasons for having an abortionand are looked down upon by the public. Pro-choice feels the main reasonfor abortions is because contraception failed and they didnt want to havea baby at the time. What are some of the benefits to havingan abortion. Well the most obvious one is the abortion itself. First ofall pro-choice wants to make it clear where they stand. They believe infirst time abortions. This is usually because of contraceptive reasonsor maturity, but where they draw the line is at third or fourth time abortions. This is because although they think abortion should be legal they believethat is a little extreme and may be a solution to a bad habit. But the big benefits of having an abortioncan be seen right away is relief. The feeling most women have after havingan abortion is relief. A 44-year-old psychologist with three children hadan illegal abortion at 18 and a legal abortion at 28. Both times she primarilyfelt relieved for herself and all the family members for whom she was responsible.Another example is a newly married 27-year-old elementary school teacherhad two abortions at age 18 and 21. She felt the same relief as the psychologist.There have been many studies that researched what the primary reactionto having an abortion was. One study done by Kaiser Permanent in northernCalifornia asked women subscribers how they felt about their abortions. The most common answer was relief. Abortion also leads to safer contraception. .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .postImageUrl , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:hover , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:visited , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:active { border:0!important; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:active , .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134 .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e34ddaa72a811dbf93fc0c494dfd134:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Psychological Insights into Parenting Styles EssayAfter a person has to go through an abortion because of a failure in contraceptionit is found that from then on the couple is much more cautious about safe-sex. It is found that almost all of the 742 low-income women who received abortionsin 1970-1971 at the State University Hospital in Syracuse, New York, intendedto use contraception in the future, an attitude that was even strongerafter their abortions. Perhaps the abortion is actually a lesson in life. Another positive impact is maturity. Howmight a person mature because of their abortion experience. Well the mostobvious example of maturity is after an abortion the aborted person usuallychanges their bad habits. This could be anything from safe-sex to everydaythings like listening to others. This may not have been the case beforethe abortion. When people were asked how they felt about themselves afterthe abortion many of them responded by saying they felt more mature. Itcaused them to reevaluate their behavior, their lives and their future. Others felt they were freer and stronger. Two benefactors to having an abortionis increased self-image, self-esteem, and increased psychological health.It is said that an abortion usually changes a womans uncertain self-imageinto a good self-image. The average woman gets back the self before shegot pregnant and sometimes a little more. It is also said that it can increaseyour psychological health. Can this really be? Pro-choice states thata woman is damaged by abortion, but pro- choice women state that is notso and it actually benefited them.Pro-Choice also believes that it is themoral right for a person to be able to control their own body whether itis having a baby or destroying it. They feel it is the womans right tobe able to do what she wants with herself and what she has created. Pro-Choicealso argues that at the stage where abortion is done the fetus is not reallya human being therefore it is like you are not destroying anything. Itis merely biological and really does not exist until further stages. This is the reasons why pro-choice is arguingfor the legalization of abortion. They feel that the increase in more maturewomen after abortion, safer-sex, increased mental health, and increasedself-esteem and self-image are good enough reasons for legalizing abortion. After researching about abortion the solutionthat I find best fit to the abortion controversy is that although abortionis morally and ethically wrong there is no real alternatives for thosewho are victims of rape or incest. That is why the best solution to thiscontroversy is to legalize abortion for those who are victims of theseawful crimes. Although pro-life and victims of rape andincest state that abortion adds to the pain of these crimes there is noother real solution. Most victims would agree that it would be better tosuffer through the pain of abortion than to have to live with a deformedchild or even worse a child that is not really your own as a product ofrape or incest. Victims of these crimes also report feeling dirty, guilty,sexually violated, etc But is that as bad as having to be constantlyreminded of the traumatic experience you went through everyday you seeyour child? Your child is a victim too!But the most obvious reason is the factthat a victim of rape or incest was violated against her will. She didnot ask for it, and does not deserve it. She should not then have to dealwith the child if she does not want to because it may lead to further complicationsfor the victim and child. By further complications I mean mentally, physically,and emotionally. Many victims often go through long periods of depressionwhe n they are forced to keep the child because it often stirs unwantedmemories. This is why abortion should be allowed or legal for those unfortunatefew who have no other choice but to have an abortion or live with thisgreat burden. Abortion on the other hand should not belegal for all. When a person chooses to have sex she is taking a chance. This she does of her own free will, and she has control over what she isdoing. This is the total opposite of the rape victim. If a person decidesto have sex whether it is safe or not, what happens after that is her responsibilityas well as his. And if you are going to chose to participate in this riskyand unsafe practice then you must be ready to pay the consequences. I also believe that a fetus is still achild contradictory to the beliefs of the Pro-Choice. I think that whentwo people create something like a child, even if it is as small as a fetusit should still be considered a child because it is a living breathingorganism made by the two people. I think that even a fetus has rights toa good life, love and happiness no matter how small it is and no one shouldbe able to take that away from him. Therefore my solution to the abortion problemis it should be legal for only those who are victims of rape or incestif they so chose to have an abortion. But should be illegal for those whoare not victims because they chose to do what they did and they must dealwith what they have created.

Panera Bread Business

Panera Bread Business Company Background Founded in 1981 by Ron Shaich and Louis Kane, the famous Panera Bread Company started operating under the brand name Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. It first grew along the United States’ east coast before it was internationalized between early 1980’s to 1990’s. This immense growth had the implication of making the company a dominant business operator in the category of bakery-cafe. In 1993, Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. bought St.Louis Bread Company. At the time of this acquiring, St.Louis Bread Company had 20 bakery cafes. In 1993 to 1997, the company recorded an increment of 75 percent in its mean unit volumes. This prompted the alteration of the brand name from Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. to Panera Bread Company. In 1997, the Panera Bread Company recognized its capacity for growth to become a leading bread maker in the United States. However, to achieve this noble potential, heavy investment of monetary resources was required.Advertising We will write a custo m case study sample on Panera Bread Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, in 1999, the company completed a transaction involving a sale of the business units of Au Bon Pain Co., Inc. only remaining with those of the Panera Bread Company. With regard to Panera Bread, after the completion of this transaction, â€Å"the companys stock has grown thirteen-fold, and over $1 billion shareholder value has been created† (Para. 5). The company acquired the title of the best performer under the category of restaurants with 1, 5, and 10-year shareholders’ returns. Later, in 2007, Panera Bread Company also purchased paradise bakery and cafe. As Panera Bread points out, â€Å"in March 2012, the company announced that Bill Moreton and Ron Shaich would both assume the roles of chief executive officers† (Para. 2). Currently, Shaich acts as the co-CEO and the chairperson of the board of directors. On the other hand, Bill Moret on is the co-CEO and the president of Panera Bread Company. As at September 2012, the company had established business presence in 44 states where it operated 1,625 bakeries. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis involves strategic planning approaches engineered to evaluate strengths, limitations, and opportunities without negating threats that businesses face in their operation environment. Strengths are the traits that make it possible for an organization to have an advantage in comparison to other organizations. For the case of Panera Bread Company, the strengths include appealing and attractive food menus that comprise a variety of products from which customers can choose. According to Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these products include â€Å"fresh baked goods, made-to-order sandwiches on freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees, and other complementary products† (10). Due to the company’s strong financial position, it has managed to invest in cozy cafes, which create a smoothing environment for the customers. This has the impact of making the company build a strong customers’ experience.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The strength is implied in the company’s statement of goals, missions, and aims in which it stipulates that the central goal is to ensure that Panera Bread Company is the first choice of all customers who crave for sandwiches, soup, and salads. In addition to these strengths, the company has an enormous distribution ability covering a large geographic area (44 states as of Septembers 2012). It has products having relatively better quality while compared to its competitors. It has differentiated its services with the rival companies besides accumulating customers’ beliefs that the company stocks fresh breads. Besides, it has developed a powerful and win ning business strategy. Amid the above-cited strengths, Panera Bread Company encounters some weaknesses. These include the traits of Panera Bread Company that place it at a disadvantage in comparison with rival companies operating in the same industry. One of the weaknesses is the heavy investments in bread centric line of business, which means that Panera Bread Company has a narrow product line. Other weaknesses are higher prices at the company-owned stores in comparison to the franchises, declining customer service, and customer preferences. In particular, alterations of preferences and customer tastes may make them consider opting for buying more nutritious food items in other restaurants. Contextualization of this weakness introduces some chances that the company may consider as existing external chances, which, while utilized, may make it improve its performance. They include international expansions and opening of new outlets to tap the growth potential within the suburban mar kets. The fact that the company has a weakness of narrow product line introduces an opportunity for introduction of new items in the product line. On the other hand, Panera Bread Company encounters external chances that impair its performance. These are threats to the operation of the company. They include lawsuits, government regulations, and competition from rival companies such as Sturbucks and Mc Donald among other local and international restaurants offering fast foods. In the context of lawsuits and drawing from Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the company admits that it is â€Å"subjected to other routine legal proceedings, claims, and litigations in the ordinary course of its business† (10).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Panera Bread Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This requires heavy commitment of financial resources and management attention. Saturation of the mark et creates another incredible threat. The company would encounter challenges in getting strategic places for opening new outlets consistent with its strategic plan of enhancing profitability through rapid expansion. Strategies to attack major problems faced by Panera Bread Panera Bread Company encounters several problems in the derivation of its strategic plans to enhance a continuous growth in an environment that is saturated by a variety of companies offering similar or substitute products. One of the problems of the company is that it offers products in its company-owned stores at prices that are higher than the franchises. A significant reason for these differences is the need to gain higher profit margins to cater for the costs of running the business-associated issues that are extrinsic from the control of the company such as the cost of settlement of lawsuits filed against the company by past employees. For instance, in 2009, Nick Sotoudeh filed a case costing the company 5 m illion dollars in its settlement (Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q 2 4). In 2010, Corey Weiner, Caroll Ruiz, and Denarius Lewis filed another case against the company costing 1.5 million dollars in its resolution (Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q 2 4). To meet this cost to ensure that Panera Bread Company is able to offer bread at its own stores at competitive prices, it is crucial that the company results to intensive growth. On the positive side, growth is vital since it will provide the necessary economies of scale. This means that the company will remain profitable amid making small profit margins for every product sold. The negative side of this strategic move qualifies as a technique of enhancing growth such as forming joint ventures with other big competitors such as McDonald who will deprive the company of its executive control power. Panera Bread Company is likely to experience the problem of reduced profitability due to narrow product li nes. To resolve this problem, it is crucial that it focuses on widening its product lines. This strategic move will, on the positive side, help in drawing more customers to its stores. Hence, the revenue will also hike. On the other hand, the strategic move will increase the logistical costs and other costs associated with service delivery at the stores. Therefore, under certain circumstances, increment in revenues would be outweighed by the resulting additional costs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Somewhat different from the above two strategic moves, to address the challenge of how to increase revenues, the company can resolve to recruit more franchises besides opening more stores that are company-owned. On the positive end, this would increase revenues. On the other hand, increasing the number of company-owned stores would truncate into recruiting more staff, a case that increases the risk of experiencing more employees’ filed lawsuits. Another strategy that has not perhaps been considered by the company is focusing on extending its services away from America and Canada to other continents of the world. On the positive side, this would increase the sales of the company since being global implies meeting new fresh markets in which the company can develop products consistent with the demand requirements. Unfortunately, the option would expose the company to different political, legal, and cultural environments. Consequently, Panera Bread Company would have to change so me of its practices to match the new demand. For instance, there might be a conflict between the accounting standards. The company deploys the U.S’ GAAP, which might contradict the national generally accepted accounting principles of the new nations in the global space. Strategy that works With the current financial and business environment of the Panera Bread, the best option for dealing with the challenge of the need to increase profitability of the company is via recruitment of more franchises besides opening company- owned stores within Canada and America. Hence, I would open 300 new company-owned stores and franchises at the first phase of expansion of Panera Bread Company. The rationale for this strategy is based on the argument that, as evidenced by the estimations of good will in its balance sheet, the company has an immense market value. Additionally, in comparison to potential competing companies, Panera Bread Company has an incredible market position by virtue of i ts strengths. However, as argued before, the market is highly saturated with restaurants. Hence, there is a dominant challenge of acquiring buildings in strategic places within many cities where the company may consider as having the requisite market segment it targets. Additionally, at the entry level, many of these competing restaurants have the will and ability to pose competitive challenges to the company at the new franchises and or company-owned stores since they will have secured their market share. However, given the brand image and the quality of products and services offered by Panera Bread, the company has probabilities of getting some of this market share to build the clientele level at the new stores and franchises. The claim holds especially when it invests to improve its service delivery experience to levels above those of the existing restaurants in the new markets. Utilizing the strategy of growth through recruitment of more franchises and company-owned stores is pa rticularly significant in enhancing Panera Bread Company’s competitive position since it will make it develop the capacity to take a full advantage of the economies of scale. At the current size of Panera Bread Company, attempts to exploit the markets of all continents of the world are found unworthy due to many standards and legal compliance issues, which go into adding the cost of running the company. Implementation of the strategy In the implementation of the strategy of recruiting more franchises and opening of new company-operated stores, several considerations are vital before the implementation process kicks off. In the first place, this strategy needs financing. It is thus vital to consider whether the financial position of the company and the anticipated incomes can support the strategy. If not, it is critical to consider whether there are alternative sources of finance. Fortunately, with regard to Panera Bread Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company charges a  "franchise fee of $35,000 per bakery-cafe (of which it generally receives $5,000 at the signing of the ADA and $30,000 at or before the bakery-cafe opening)† (4). By noting that Panera Bread Company does not support the construction of the franchises, the money raised through the fees is utilizable in opening of the additional company-owned stores. According to Panera Bread Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company also has accessibility to a loan facility of 250 million dollars as an additional source of capital (3). Similar to the old food dealers like Mc Donald, the implementation of the strategy proposed above means the focus would entail opening a store or franchise and then waiting for the customer to do the purchasing. Based on the experience he or she gains with the product, he or she becomes loyal and hence a regular customer. Therefore, the strategy is customer-centric. For the success of such a strategy, it is crucial that an organization possesses the capability to p enetrate new markets. It should develop services and products, which create an immense appeal to the customers besides possessing the capacity to offer outstanding customer services (Wheelen and Hunger 851). Fortunately, these are some of the strengths of Panera Bread Company. With these strengths, the challenges in the implementation process rests in the development of customer-centric growth strategies in the new company-owned stores and franchises. I would accomplish the implementation of the strategy from three customer-centric paradigms. These are identification of core business, creation of propositions that have high value and impacts, and focusing on businesses that are highly linked to the core business of the company. Determination of the core business of the new stores starts with the identification of the core business that will be conducted in the stores and the franchises. In other words, expansion through the opening of new stores and franchises is not done blindly bu t rather with considerations of geographic areas and channels that would help to generate the highest amount of revenues. Therefore, before the company’s financial resources are committed to opening and subsequent running of the stores, profitability benchmarking and evaluation of the reputation of the company within the new geographical areas are necessary. In this approach, the stakeholders of the company are fully involved in the implementation process. Some of the stakeholders that I would include are non-loyal and loyal customers of the existing stores. The views of the loyal customers on why they embrace the products of the company are critical success factors of the strategy implementation. They would help in incorporating the attributes of the company that attract them in the new stores and franchises. On the other hand, the views of the disloyal customers create opportunities of establishing new stores that have improved customer service experience. This would help t o avoid replication of the past mistakes in the new franchises and stores. Arguably, this step of implementation of the project involves planning and analysis stage. It would take six months and an estimated cost of $ 210, 000. The second implementation step is the creation of propositions that have high values and impacts on the sub-segments of the potential customers. Based on the results of the first step discussed above, sub-segmentation of the customers’ groups in the new franchises and stores based on the found needs and anticipated buying patterns coupled with the profit contributions of the forecasted sales are vital in setting of a mechanism of reaping most from the new markets. This mechanism encompasses creation and innovation of value propositions targeting the sub-segments that are likely to be most attractive. This step is followed by conducting a field test of the impacts of the propositions. Based on the results of the field tests, scaling up is done. This ste p of the implementation process of the strategy is the analysis phase of the project. It is anticipated to take about 3-31/2 months. Its budget is $1 million. Most of this money caters for the wage expenses of analysts and data collection staff. Lastly, there is a need to focus on businesses that are highly linked to the core business of the company. The need implies that, after conducting a number of field tests and analyzing the potential of the success of the growth strategy, the next course of action will be to channel the resources of the company to open stores and accept franchise requests in areas that are likely to have large clientele. The point here is that there is no need of investing in an area where no substantive sales can be made to make the stores break even in the shortest time possible. Thus, the idea is to open stores selectively depending on the competitiveness of the market segments and sub-segments. Conclusion/Evaluation of Strategy’s success Upon imple mentation of the growth strategy, it is crucial to evaluate its success capacity. In the context of the proposed strategy for solving the problems of the Panera Bread Company, success refers to the accomplishment of the predicted outcomes when the strategy is implemented. The desired outcome is the increment of the revenue levels of the new stores and franchises such that the stores would be able to break even in the shortest time possible. On the other hand, it is desired that the new franchises end up being profitable so that Panera Bread Company can get substantive royalties. Measuring success calls for the evaluation of the strategy on its capacity to realize the core objective of the company. Measuring success in the context of the strategy for growth of the Panera Bread Company takes six approaches. In the first place, the strategy is implemented within fixed timelines. Therefore, one of the measurable success factors is whether the various time schedules for the strategy impl ementation were accomplished within the set timeframes. The other success factor is the degree to which the scope of the growth strategy has been released. The original plan is to open 300 stores and franchises. Thus, success is measured in terms of the number of the new company-owned stores and franchises opened. Thirdly, the implementation of the strategy must be consistent with the set budget. Consequently, the degree of success of the strategy is measurable from the context of the degree to which the implemented strategy complies with the budget constraints. Fourthly, it was argued in the implementation section that the overall goal of the strategy is to focus on opening stores in regions that will attract large clientele only who would get loyalty based on the company’s products. Thus, success may be measured from the dimension of the degree of customers’ loyalty, which is measurable through customers’ satisfaction levels. Unfortunately, satisfaction is onl y measurable qualitatively (either happy or unhappy). A subtle strategy of organizational growth needs to reduce the weakness and threats of an organization within the new operational centers. For this purpose, SWOT analysis is vital in determining whether the threats and weaknesses of the old stores and franchises have been replicated in the new geographical locations of the Panera Bread company-owned stores and franchises. Lastly, the success of the strategy may be measured in terms of the improvements of service quality in the new company-owned stores and franchises. Therefore, the growth sort for Panera Bread Company is not only in terms of numbers of stores and franchises but also in terms of increased quality service delivery in every new company-owned store or franchise that opens. Measuring success this way is inspired by the argument that learning organizations stand better chances of success than those, which do not learn. Panera Bread Annual Report on Form 10-K. Annual R eport Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(D) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934 For The Fiscal Year Ended December 27, 2011. Web. Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Quarterly Report Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(D) of the Securities Exchange Act Of 1934 For the quarterly period ended September 25, 2012. Web. Panera Bread. Company Overview. Web. Wheelen, Thomas, and David Hunger. Strategic Management and business policy. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.

Interpretive Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Interpretive Strategies - Essay Example This has been considered as a wonderful mix of communication principles. For this purpose, the person who interprets should have basic working knowledge. The working knowledge should be about; journalism, marketing, psychology, non formal and adult education theory and presentation, business management and finances, reservation and tourism planning/ principles, media planning and design principles (John A. Veverka, 2006). The interpretive techniques and principles can be observed when we see an advertisement, magazine, television or a movie. The interpretation will depend on the reality used in the techniques of interpretation. The understanding of an interpreters about the knowledge and the view of the visitors will be helpful in the success of the interpretation. This cannot be termed as the truth in the interpretation. In the aforementioned context, the view expressed about interpretation is that the one which follows the views of the visitors. The truth lies in the interpretation if the interpreters consider the memory, recreational learning and learning experience of the visitors. This consideration of the interpreters may result in the truth in the interpretation. The learning of the visitor from the interpretation can be in the form of fun also. The methods like coin collecting, model making, studying aspects of history, bird watching etc. is involved with recreational learning. The persons learn from interpretation because they want to discover the pleasure of learning in the interpretation. Part 1 3. System Area Plan The system area considered here is information. It can be presented in many forms and as a result was selected as system area. The presentation of information may be straight facts, figures and dates, analyses and stories. A guide provides information to tourists almost without interpretation. A Writer provides information to the readers with information. For example, the environmental education in the form of a program or exhibit can be presented in either an informational instructional approach. These need interpretive approach. In all the above mentioned conditions, the communication nature of the interpretation should be taken into consideration. The education due to interpretation occurs, when the recipient receives the message and understands it. After that it needs the remembrance. The way of communication and the nature of interpretation also will regulate remembrance. The interpretation regarding the sensitive aspects of the human nature will make them remember the informati on conveyed for a long time. The listeners do not remember the information, if they do not understand the information conveyed. Though interpretation needs the resources, it is not resource specific. It can be considered as objective driven and audience focused process. It looks for results after using the marketing and advertising techniques. This can be termed as interpretation communication strategy. The communication need to provoke curiosity, attention and interest in the listeners or the learners. The absence of attention will not make them to stop before an exhibit. The strategy must be in a manner to provoke and create attention. For provoking and creating, the interpreter must think about the reasons the visitor wants information. The answer to the questions that arise by that thinking

Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Persuasion - Essay Example Under such circumstances, it is likely that the other person will be willing to reciprocate and do something in return. Hoy and Smith (2007) observe that people who are engaged in such a relationship usually use words such as, â€Å"oh yes! I am ready to assist. I know you will also assist when my time comes†. Such a person creates the sense of a future commitment for the person who has received the assistance. In other words, it can be inferred that a person who can not reciprocate immediately or in future may not be able to persuade others whenever he needs assistance. Under such perspective, people will say for example that â€Å"Assisting him is useless. He can not assist anyone in need†. This has helped in developing a sense of togetherness in the society today, since people are always ready to assist in order for them to be assisted in future. On the other hand, a person may ask for a favor in order to do something. Under such circumstances, the one who wants to influence the other is compelled to offer what has been requested in order to persuade the other to perform a particular task (Goldstein et al 2008). For example, a person may be requested to be sent for a far away mission to perform a particular task over several months in the place of work. The DIF persuasive strategy applies when the person asks for the first favor in order to give in to the request, such as, â€Å"Promise to take care of my kid for the months I will be away†. The management may not be willing to undertake this request due to the complexity involved, but it is not ridiculous. However, upon the first offer being declared impossible, the person may make a second request, such as, â€Å"then give me one week off duty to look for a person to care of the kid†. This offer is practicable for the management, and the person is allowed the short leave after which he promises to come back and undertake the responsibility as requested. The second

Project financing and risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project financing and risk management - Essay Example The risk teams work extremely hard to help to maintain the reputation as well as financial performance of the NCB Jamaica Ltd ? and also ensure that the bank functions responsibly and assists the business to grow in a meaningful and sustainable way. As corporate responsibility has turned out to be the ‘buzzword’ in the banking business, banks are being forced to enthusiastically engage in providing to sustainable development? given their intermediate position in the financial system. The primary objective of this study is to recognize various risks? particularly the strategic risks faced by the banking industry and how to mitigate them. Strategic risk take place from the inability of an institution to execute suitable business plans and strategies, resource allocation after making apt decisions and its incapability to adjust to the changes occurring in its business environment. It is very important for banks to be serious in improving, measuring and reporting their risks as well as goals and objectives of their organization? as they will ultimately be bound to fight on benchmarking with competitors. 2. Introduction and Background. Jamaica is the third major island in Caribbean. National Commercial Bank Jamaica Ltd. (NCB Jamaica) is Jamaica's major provider of the financial services with 37.5% marketplace share by assets of the profitable banking sector. NCB offers a wealth of financial services in the course of its network of 42 locations and more than 170 ABMs island wide. These services consist of savings accounts and chequing, facilities of the credit card, commercial and personal loans, insurance, and wealth management. National Commercial Bank Jamaica Limited, jointly with its subsidiaries, offers different financial banking and products and services primarily in Jamaica. â€Å"National Commercial Bank Jamaica Limited reported consolidated earnings results for the fourth quarter and year ended September 30, 2012. For the quarter, the company reported net profit of JMD 2,685,498,000 or JMD 1.10 per basic and diluted share compared to net profit of JMD 4,616,324,000 or JMD 1.87 per basic and diluted share a year ago†. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20357150 The First Caribbean International Bank is a major Caribbean banking unit with assets in excess of US $9.5 billion and it is the second major institution among public traded financial organizations in the area with a market capitalization of above US $2 billion. The fundamental strategic principle of NCB Jamaica philosophy includes taking into account the interest of the stakeholders, customers, employees and their satisfaction. Strategic risk is a function of: †¢ A bank’s strategic aims †¢ Strategies of business developed in order to accomplish the goals †¢ Resources set up in search of these aims and the superiority of implementation †¢ Resources required accomplishing both tangible and intangible business strategies It consists of channels for communication, delivery networks, managerial capacities and capabilities and operating systems. The internal characteristics of an organization must be assessed against the impact of competitive, technological, economic, and regulatory and the other environmental changes. Strategic risk may occur due to several factors. â€Å"The primary risk to inflation in the 2011/12 financial year is the exchange rate and the pass through effect on prices if there is accelerated depreciation.

The History And Background Of Yahoo Marketing Essay

The History And Background Of Yahoo Marketing Essay A company symbol is regarded as a unique mark or design that identifies a certain firm. In most cases, a company symbol tends to be more important than the assets of a company when it comes to the companys identification by the public. All of the international as well as regional business firms, including Yahoo, tend to have their specific company symbols, which helps them for public identification. For instance, the company symbol for Yahoo is Yahoo! (Mortensen p25). The key executives of Yahoo are committed business individuals who ensure that the firm runs smoothly in the business fraternity. Yahoos key executives include Marissa Mayer who is the Chief Executive Officer, the President, as well as the Director of the company. David Filo is the Co-Founder and Chief of Yahoo!. Kenneth Goldman holds the key position of the Chief Financial Officer. Ron Brachman is the Chief Scientist and Head of Yahoo! Labs. Finally, there is Henrique De Castro who holds the position of Chief Operating Officer at Yahoo! (Snell p31). Yahoo is an American internet corporation, which has its headquarters in Sunnyvale California. The firm was found by two individuals, David Filo and Jerry Yang, in 1994, and was incorporated in the business world in March the year 1995. Yahoo tends to generate its revenue from the display of text-based links to advertisers Websites, which is regarded as search advertising, from the display of graphical advertisements, which is regarded as display advertising, as well as from other relevant sources (Snell p33). As an internet corporation, Yahoo offers a number of products and services to its esteemed customers. The company has a strong technology and insights that helps it in the delivery of digital content and experiences across the globe and communication devices. The firm tends to provide online services and properties to its users, as well as marketing services aimed to connect with Yahoo! users. This is done through a distribution of network of third party entities. Through its search engine, Yahoo! Search, and its web portal, the firm provides services such as advertising, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Directory, fantasy sports, online mapping, social media website, Yahoo! News, as well as Yahoo! Groups. The firm has properties, which are tailored to users in certain international markets. The properties include social networking websites (Meme and Wretch), and Yahoo! Homepage (Mortensen p69). The services offered to users of Yahoo are divided under three categories. The categories include Media, Communications and Communities as well as Search and Marketplaces. Under the Communications and Communities category, the firm offers Yahoo! Messenger, Flickr, Yahoo! Answers, Yahoo! Mail, Connected TV, and Yahoo! Groups. Services offered under this particular category enable the users to organize themselves in groups and share photos, common interests, as well as knowledge (Snell p47). The Search and Marketplaces category tends to answer the information needs of the users through the search results pages and across Yahoo!. The search offerings of the company include Yahoo! Local, and Yahoo! Search. These offerings are free of charge for the users and help them discover new content on the internet. On the other hand, the Marketplaces offerings include Yahoo! Small Business, Yahoo! Real Estate, Yahoo! Travel, Yahoo! Shopping, and Yahoo! Autos. With these properties, the company enables users to research and review specific topics or fields of interest and exchange information with parties of similar interest (Snell p49). The final category is the Media whose services are tend to engage the Yahoo users with online services and content especially on the web. The services provided under this category are free of charge to the users. Services provided include My Yahoo!, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Homepage, Yahoo! Toolbar, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Entertainment, Yahoo! Sports, and Yahoo! Contributor Network (Snell p48). In the internet business, Yahoo tends to have a number of competitors who keep the company on toes in terms of performance and service provision to the customers. The main competitors for Yahoo! include Google Inc., Acxiom Corporation, Agilysys, Inc., AOL Inc., Adobe Systems Inc, Facebook Inc, and Callidus Software, Inc. among others. These competitors tend to compete in terms of service provision to the internet users. The top competitors of the named ones for Yahoo are Google Inc., and AOL Inc (Mortensen p72). The key executives in the firm head the structure of the organization. The head of the structure is the Chief Executive Officer who is also the president of the firm. The Chief Executive Officer usually does most of the managerial activities and decisions in the firm. Other key executives who makes the top of the organization structure includes the Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief of Yahoo, and Chief Scientist and Head of Yahoo Labs. The growth and development of the firm majorly depends on these individuals (Associated Press). The management of the company mainly lies in the hands of the Board of Directors and the Key Executive members of Yahoo. The management team of the company tends to manage business at the company by ensuring that employees perform their duties as scheduled, and that the users of Yahoo receive the best products and services in the market (IFM). In 2011 September, the management team headed by the chair of the firm decided to fire the then Chief Executive Officer, Bartz. This decision was consequential in terms of business for Yahoo when a number of potential buyers came in with the idea of buying parts or rather the whole firm. In September 2012, the current Chief Executive Officer of Yahoo made a decision of closing the deal the company had with Alibaba in her managerial post. This particular deal; was controversial and it earned the company a negative image in the business fraternity. The closure of the deal affected the companys financial function in a positive way by giving the company 625 million US Dollars (IFM). In relation to sales and earnings of the key financial finding for Yahoo is that the company has been able to grow its bottom line. In the 2012, despite the stagnant revenue growth, the companys bottom line was able to grow from 1.0 billion US Dollars to 3.9 US Dollars. In the earning statement of 2012 delivered by the companys Chief Executive Officer, she stated that the firm was able to show a revenue growth in 2012 for the first time in a period of four years. The variables that tend to affect the earnings of the company include revenue, earnings per share, price to earnings ratio, and return on equity. The variables tend to change from time to time and this affects the earnings of the company (Mortensen p56). There are a number of activities and decisions that the company did to affect its financials. For instance, in 2012 during the quarter that the company made progress in its financials, it is indicated that various activities took place. The CEO stated that the executive team was reshuffled leading to its growth, there was the launching of unbelievable Yahoo! mail and Flickr mobile experiences, as well as signing of major business partnerships with the CBS Television, and NBC Sport (Snell p38). There are also a number of decisions that the company made which led to negative impact of its financials. They include signing a business deal with the Alibaba group, creation of the Yahoo! search image in 2006 that brought up sexually explicit images, and rejection of Microsoft Corporations bid of acquiring the firm in 2008 on the basis that Microsoft had undervalued it. These decisions led to the fall of the companys financials (Mortensen p81). It is with no doubt that global issues are affecting business at Yahoo. For instance, there are various global issues that can be discussed. Advancements in technology is one of the global issues that affect business at the company since it is an internet company. Many technologically advanced companies around the globe are coming up with advanced internet service provision, and this tends to keep Yahoo on toes (Belew and Joel p35). Another global issue of concern is the fact that majority of people around the globe communicate through the social medias in the internet. Since the company offers such services, increased numbers of subscribers on social networks around the globe affect business operations at the company. The company has to provide the best services to its customers (Belew and Joel p33). Challenges that Yahoo! has been facing over the years in business operation is a relevant topic that was left out. One of the main challenges that the company has been facing in the past years is poor management. For instance, until the appointment of Mayer as the Chief Executive Officer of the firm, the company had plunged into poor leadership. This is clearly indicated by the poor financial reports the company used to report in the past years (Belew and Joel p56). Another challenge that the company faced in the past, and was a great loss is the fact that the company had signed a business deal with Alibaba Group and that it had created a Yahoo! Search image that showed sexually explicit images. The company received a lot of criticism from the public, whereby it lost some of its customers (Mortensen p43).

By referring closely to J B Priestley’s account of Bradford, explain :: English Literature

By referring closely to J B Priestley’s account of Bradford, explain what he considers gave the city its particular character at the time he was writing. J.B. Priestley, in his writing about Bradford, believes its character comes from, what might seem like, conflicting ideas. These ideas contribute to what Priestley calls Bradford’s odd quality. The character of Bradford, in 1933, when Priestley was writing, was made up of two extremes, provincialism and that of a cosmopolitan city. Provincialism remained in Bradford, firstly because the railway went to Leeds and not to Bradford and therefore the city didn’t get much new trade, such as any other manufacturing and/or greater educational opportunities. As this was not the case and the railway went to Leeds instead of Bradford, the main job type in Bradford was the woollen industry, as it had already been for generations. All over Bradford there would have been spinning mills where people were employed to work very long and unsociable hours for very little pay. Another reason why provincialism remained in Bradford was because the woollen profession was what the people were used to. For generations in Bradford the woollen trade is what the local residents have been accustomed to and they enjoyed it. In 1930s when I am talking about, the peasants in the outskirts of Bradford would commute into Bradford on the trams. This kind of Bradford (the woollen industry etc.) is all they know and understand about life. This style of living is all that comes naturally to them. I feel that the people who lived and worked here in Bradford became very insular; they did not look beyond their experience. This is what kept provincialism a reality in Bradford. There is a lot more about Bradford that I haven’t already explained, aside from provincialism! A contradicting view of Bradford, to the above, is that the city was very based around cosmopolitan ideas and mindsets. Some people never ventured further than twenty or thirty miles out of Bradford whereas, others would have travelled to, what would seem to regular Bradfordians, the end of the universe, selling and buying woollen produce. Although they had travelled the world, gained more understanding and become more intelligent, when they returned to Market Street, Bradfordians would never have changed as, say Londoners would have. They still remained their same selves. When you met someone from Bradford you would think they had only travelled as far as York or Morecambe, but in actual fact they might have been to By referring closely to J B Priestley’s account of Bradford, explain :: English Literature By referring closely to J B Priestley’s account of Bradford, explain what he considers gave the city its particular character at the time he was writing. J.B. Priestley, in his writing about Bradford, believes its character comes from, what might seem like, conflicting ideas. These ideas contribute to what Priestley calls Bradford’s odd quality. The character of Bradford, in 1933, when Priestley was writing, was made up of two extremes, provincialism and that of a cosmopolitan city. Provincialism remained in Bradford, firstly because the railway went to Leeds and not to Bradford and therefore the city didn’t get much new trade, such as any other manufacturing and/or greater educational opportunities. As this was not the case and the railway went to Leeds instead of Bradford, the main job type in Bradford was the woollen industry, as it had already been for generations. All over Bradford there would have been spinning mills where people were employed to work very long and unsociable hours for very little pay. Another reason why provincialism remained in Bradford was because the woollen profession was what the people were used to. For generations in Bradford the woollen trade is what the local residents have been accustomed to and they enjoyed it. In 1930s when I am talking about, the peasants in the outskirts of Bradford would commute into Bradford on the trams. This kind of Bradford (the woollen industry etc.) is all they know and understand about life. This style of living is all that comes naturally to them. I feel that the people who lived and worked here in Bradford became very insular; they did not look beyond their experience. This is what kept provincialism a reality in Bradford. There is a lot more about Bradford that I haven’t already explained, aside from provincialism! A contradicting view of Bradford, to the above, is that the city was very based around cosmopolitan ideas and mindsets. Some people never ventured further than twenty or thirty miles out of Bradford whereas, others would have travelled to, what would seem to regular Bradfordians, the end of the universe, selling and buying woollen produce. Although they had travelled the world, gained more understanding and become more intelligent, when they returned to Market Street, Bradfordians would never have changed as, say Londoners would have. They still remained their same selves. When you met someone from Bradford you would think they had only travelled as far as York or Morecambe, but in actual fact they might have been to